Coastal Forests of East Africa-Endangered Forest
The small forests that make up this area have a lot of biodiversity. One of the advantages to help preserve the remaining 10% is that there are three flagship species, the Tana River Red Colobus, the Tana River Mangabey and the Zanzibar Red Colobus, which has only about 1,000-1,500 individuals left. They have become a major tourist attraction which bodes well for preservation of the species and hopefully the forests they live in will not succumb to increased agricultural farming.
OVERVIEW
The Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa Hotspot stretches along the eastern edge of Africa, from small patches of coastal (riverine) forest along the Jubba and Shabelle Rivers in southern Somalia, south through Kenya, where it occurs in a relatively narrow coastal strip of about 40 kilometers in width, except along the Tana River where it extends about 120 km inland. The hotspot stretches farther south into Tanzania (where some outlying forest patches occur about 300 km inland), and along nearly the entire coast of Mozambique, ending at the Limpopo River (south of which is the Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany Hotspot). The hotspot also includes the offshore islands, including Pemba, Zanzibar, Mafia and the Bazarruto Archipelago off Mozambique.
The hotspot’s vegetation is a complex mix of moist forests and dry forests, with coastal thicket, fire-climax savanna woodlands, seasonal and permanent swamps, and littoral habitats that include mangrove vegetation along some parts of the coast. Trees dominate the coastal flora, but lianas are also common as are shrubs, herbs, grasses, sedges, ferns, and epiphytes. Coastal forests are found up to 500 meters above sea level, although in Tanzania they occur up to 1,030 meters on Handeni Hill, though this is unusual.
The climate is largely tropical, though some of the southern areas are almost subtropical. The hotspot has high temperatures and high humidity. There are two rainy seasons (long, April-June; short, November-December) in the north, becoming one rainy season (November-April) in the south. Rainfall ranges from about 2,000 millimeters/year on Pemba and Mafia down to about 500 millimeters/year in northern Kenya, although average rainfall in most of the coastal forests is between 900 and 1,400 millimeters/year.
About the area
The East African Coastal Forests are comprised of the Northern and Southern Zanzibar-Inhambane coastal forest mosaics. It stretches from Southern Somalia through Kenya and Tanzania, to Southern Mozambique, and is characterized by tropical dry forests within a mosaic of savannas, grassland habitats and wetlands areas. Generally, the forests are found just inland from the coast with outliers occurring along rivers and several locations where it grades into sub-montane forests at the foothills of mountain ranges.
Areas between the forests have different characteristics depending on the country in question; in Kenya it is mainly farmland, in Tanzania and Mozambique it is generally savanna woodland/thicket with farmed areas increasing. The ecoregion also includes the larger offshore islands of Pemba, Zanzibar, Mafia and the Bazaruto Archipelago, as well as the smaller isles in the Indian Ocean close to the coast
Local Species
As the East African Coastal Forests have long been isolated from other regions of tropical moist forests by expanses of drier savannas and grasslands, it has an exceptionally high level of plant endemism that has recently led to part of it being classified as the Swahili Centre of endemism. Elsewhere within the region (Somalia and Mozambique), studies at a few sites have also noted the occurrence of endemic trees, but overall the number of endemic species is thought to be greatly underestimated due to civil strife that has prevented further exploration.
Among the best-known plants in the ecoregion are the species of African violets (Saintpaulia spp.). The 40,000 cultivated varieties of the African violet, which form the basis of a US$100 million/year house plant trade globally, are all derived from just 3 species found in coastal Tanzanian and Kenyan forests. Also found here are 11 species of wild coffee, 8 of which are endemic.
The East African Coastal Forests are a bird-lover’s paradise what with more than 633 bird species found here; 11 of which are endemic. Among them are the Clarke’s weaver (Ploceus golandi), Sokoke scops owl (Otus ireneae), Pemba sunbird (Nectarina pemba), Fischer’s tauraco (Tauraco fishceri), and the Tana River cisticola (Cisticola restrictus).
The forests also have their share of mammals including the Pemba Island flying fox (Pteropus comorensis), Sokoke dog mongoose (Bdeogale omnivora), Zanzibar red colobus (Piliocolobus kirkii), Tana mangabey (Cercocebus galeritus), and the Zanj elephant shrew (Rhynchocyon petersi).
This ecoregion is home to a variety of primate species including 3 endemic and highly threatened monkey species and 2 endemic species of bushbabies.
Threats
Most of this area has been heavily settled for many years and only a few blocks of lingering forest remain widely distributed and isolated throughout the ecoregion. Looking for wood to fuel their fires and space to grow their crops, local people have cleared much of the region’s forests. Agricultural expansion continues to be the biggest threat facing the Coastal Forests of East Africa. Due to poor soil quality and an increasing population trend, subsistence agriculture as well as commercial farming continue to consume more and more of the region’s natural habitat.
WWF’s work
Since the early 1990s, WWF has supported the management and conservation of the East African Coastal Forests through projects in Kenya and in Tanzania. Through its East African Coastal Forest Programme, WWF aims to develop and implement a strategy for conservation and sustainable management of the regional forests.
The programme will built on existing site level projects by bringing together several components to engage policy at local, national and regional levels and increased participation of communities in natural resource management and livelihood activities.
This scaled up programme allows for a holistic approach to tackle root causes and ensure upgraded capacity for impact on conservation. The longer proposed time frame provides more capacity building potential and involvement of partners and the proposed budgetary flexibility allows for priority and pivotal activities to be undertaken.